Standard course of treatment

At this stage in Jaxon's treatment, all indications are that he will follow this protocol, understanding that there may be delays or complications that could arise over the 3 year period.

Visit the Children's Oncology Group online to learn more about ALL.

About treatment, from the Children's Oncology Group website: 

ALL is a cancer of the blood, so treatment is systemic, meaning it affects the entire body. At the time of diagnosis, the healthcare team will insert a central line to provide treatment.

Chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment.

• Induction:
 The first phase of treatment usually lasts four weeks. Children receive three or four drugs by mouth, intravenously (into a vein), or into the spinal fluid (intrathecal delivery). The combination of drugs depends upon the leukemia factors as above. The goal of this phase is to kill the leukemia cells and allow normal blood cells to return.

A bone marrow aspirate is performed at the end of this phase. The bone marrow is examined under a microscope, and is expected to show only normal cells. This is called remission. This does not mean that the child is cured, because without further treatment the disease will return. However, it is a very important first step on the road towards being cured. Nearly 98 of every 100 children with ALL enter remission at the end of the first month of treatment. Other tests (such as minimal residual disease) may be performed on the bone marrow and may be more sensitive at finding leukemia cells than looking under a microscope.

• Consolidation:
 The second phase of treatment lasts from 12-16 weeks. Different drugs from those used during Induction are given by mouth and intravenously.

The purpose of the consolidation phase is to kill leukemia cells that may remain after the drugs used in induction. Another main focus is on treating and preventing the growth of leukemia cells within the central nervous system (CNS prophylaxis). To accomplish this, spinal taps with intrathecal chemotherapy (directly into the spinal fluid) are performed weekly. For certain types of leukemia, or if leukemia cells were present in the spinal fluid at the time of diagnosis, radiation therapy may be given to the brain and the spinal column during this phase. In most cases, part of the Consolidation phase will include treatment with the chemotherapy drug methotrexate. Methotrexate is given intravenously, either at lower doses in the clinic or at higher doses that require a 2-3 day stay in the hospital.

• Delayed intensification:
 This 8-week phase of treatment includes medicines similar to those given in Induction and Consolidation. This has been shown to be helpful in preventing leukemia from returning. The exact timing of the doses and the specific drugs used depend upon the individual characteristics of a particular child’s disease.

• Maintenance:
 The final phase of treatment lasts two or three years. Maintenance is much less intensive than the previous treatment and consists mostly of oral medications given at home. There are also intermittent intravenous and intrathecal medications given throughout this phase.